Accelerators function in two distinct ways. The first is that they deactivate the Sulphur that is used as a vulcanising agent, to allow it to react with the rubber compound. The second is that they activate the cross linking reaction between the carbon to carbon bonds in the polymer.
The major types of accelerators which are used in rubber vulcanization are amines, sulphenamides, thioureas, thiazoles and sulphenamides.
Some other accelerators such as 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), 2-mercaptoimidazoline (MI) and tetramethylthiuram disulphide (TMTD) can be used but their use is limited because they accelerate not only the vulcanization but also cause early cure or scorching of the rubber compounds.
Amines are weakly basic and are therefore generally less reactive than sulphur donor compounds. Amine accelerators require an activator for maximum performance. Commonly used activators include zinc salts of fatty acids (zinc stearate), sodium and magnesium salts of fatty acids (Sodium octoate and magnesium oxide). These activators function.
On the morning of June 13, 2011, a 49-year-old woman from Ghaziabad, a town just east of New Delhi, was admitted to Fortis Hospital in the city’s Noida neighborhood. She had been complaining of weakness and dizziness for two days. The hospital’s doctors diagnosed her with anemia, put her on intravenous fluids, and sent her home later that afternoon.
The next morning, she returned to the emergency room. This time her pulse was racing at 180 beats per minute and she was experiencing chest pain. Doctors diagnosed her with supraventricular tachycardia — a condition that causes heart rates to soar — and administered a shot of adenosine, a drug used to slow fast heartbeats. Her heart rate dropped and she was discharged again later that day.
Two days later, she was back for a third visit. This time she went into cardiac arrest and died.
In an investigation into the woman’s death, Fortis cardiologists found that the adenosine shot may have been responsible for triggering cardiac arrest. In treating one problem (a rapid heartbeat), doctors had caused another (death).
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